CIVIL SOCIETY AND PARTICIPATORY GOVERNANCE: EXPLORING THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN PROMOTING DEMOCRATIC ENGAGEMENT AND ACCOUNTABILITY

Abstract

The role of civil society, particularly non-governmental organizations (NGOs), has become increasingly important in promoting democratic engagement and accountability within both developing and developed nations. This paper explores how NGOs contribute to the enhancement of participatory governance, focusing on their influence in advocating for policy reforms, fostering citizen engagement, and ensuring government accountability. Drawing on case studies from Pakistan, the study examines the ways in which NGOs facilitate civic participation, challenge undemocratic practices, and act as mediators between the state and citizens. By leveraging their grassroots reach and organizational structure, NGOs help empower marginalized communities, enhance transparency, and create an inclusive political environment. The paper also addresses challenges faced by NGOs, including political pressures, limited resources, and regulatory restrictions, and proposes strategies to overcome these hurdles. This research emphasizes the need for strengthening the collaboration between civil society and government institutions to promote democratic accountability, thus enhancing the quality of governance in Pakistan and beyond.